Ergonomic Improvements
Ergonomic improvements are changes made to better match the demands of a job with the capabilities of employees. Implementing these improvements can reduce physical strain, eliminate unnecessary movements, lower injury rates, decrease workers’ compensation costs, and reduce employee turnover.
Hierarchy of Controls (HOC)
The Hierarchy of Controls (HOC) is a systematic approach used to manage workplace hazards, including ergonomic risks. The most effective strategies are at the top of the hierarchy, while the lower-level strategies rely heavily on employee compliance. OSHA and ANSI/ASSP Z10 encourage the use of the HOC to implement practical and effective exposure controls.
The hierarchy includes six strategies, divided into two categories:
- Hazard-focused strategies:
- Elimination: Completely remove the hazard when possible. For example, using a hand truck to move heavy boxes eliminates the need for manual lifting.
- Substitution: Replace a hazardous item or task with a safer alternative. For instance, using smaller containers instead of large, heavy ones.
- Engineering Controls: Redesign or modify equipment and processes to reduce risk. Tasks that require heavy lifting or carrying may be reengineered to minimize strain.
- Behavior-focused strategies:
4. Warnings: Use visual, audible, or tactile signals to alert workers to hazards. Examples include signs, labels, lights, alarms, and vibration devices.
5. Work Practice Controls: Develop safer work methods and procedures, reinforced through training and supervision. Consistent monitoring is required to ensure compliance.
6. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): PPE serves as a barrier between the worker and the hazard. While common, PPE is the least effective strategy for preventing ergonomic injuries. For example, knee pads may protect against impact but do not prevent strain from awkward postures.
Interim Measures
When higher-level control methods are not immediately feasible, lower-priority controls can be used temporarily to reduce exposure. Interim measures often combine multiple control methods and provide protection until permanent solutions are implemented. OSHA emphasizes that feasible interim measures are generally available when higher-level controls cannot be applied immediately.